CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Modernism is variously argued to be a period, style, genre or combination or these; but it is first of all a word; one which exists along side cognate words. Modernism was first used in the early eighteen century simply to denote trends, characteristics of modern times, while in the nineteenth century it¡¦s meaning encompassed sympathy with modern options, styles or expressions. In the later part of the nineteenth century Modernism referred to progressive trends in the Catholic Church. In literature it surfaced in Thomas Hardy¡¦s Tess of the d¡¦urbervilles (1891), to denote what he called a general and unwelcomed creeping industrial ¡§ ache of modernism¡¨.
Modernism, as an international art term covers the many avant-garde styles and movements that proliferated under the names of Expressionism, Imagism, Surrealism, Futurism, Dadaism, Vorticism, Formalism and in writing, if not painting, Impressionism. It forbears were Darwin, Marx and......

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Title: Utopia
Approximate Word Count: 7125
Approximate Pages: 29 (250 words per double-spaced page)

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