Literature Review
VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol, is an emerging new technology that involves the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or any other IP – based network. It does not utilize traditional dedicated, circuit – switched voice transmission lines. Voice data flows over a general – purpose packet switched network
Problems associated with VoIP includes echoes, jitter, latency, packet loss
Echoes are waves that have been reflected at points on the transmission medium with enough amplitude and time difference to be acknowledged as one different from the original wave transmission. There are two forms of echoes on voice networks, Hybrid and Acoustic Echo. Hybrid echo is an electrical signal reflection that occurs at the 4 –wire to 2 – wire conversion point in a PSTN network. It is caused by impedance matching. It enters a VoIP network whenever there is a connection between PSTN and VoIP networks. Acoustic echo on the other hand is non – linear and......

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Title: Voip, Voice Over Internet Protocol
Approximate Word Count: 1948
Approximate Pages: 8 (250 words per double-spaced page)

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