The Little Heat Engine:
Heat Transfer in Solids, Liquids and Gases


The question now is wherein the mistake consists and how it can be removed.



Max Planck, Philosophy of Physics, 1936.








While it is true that the field of thermodynamics can be complex,1-8 the basic ideas behind the study of heat (or energy) transfer remain simple. Let us begin this study with an ideal solid, S1, in an empty universe. S1 contains atoms arranged in a regular array called a "lattice" (see Figure 1). Bonding electrons may be present. The nuclei of each atom act as weights and the bonding electrons as springs in an oscillator model. Non-bonding electrons may also be present, however in an ideal solid these electrons are not involved in carrying current. By extension, S1 contains no electronic conduction bands. The non-bonding electrons may be involved in Van der Waals (or contact) interactions between atoms. Given these restraint, it is......

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Title: The Little Engine That Could
Approximate Word Count: 1770
Approximate Pages: 8 (250 words per double-spaced page)

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